The Florida Department of Revenue is authorized to levy a documentary stamp tax on deeds, bonds, promissory notes, written obligations to pay money, mortgages, liens, and other evidences of indebtedness. Florida law authorizes different taxation rates depending on the type of transaction. The documentary stamp tax is typically $0.70 per every $100.00 of consideration for instruments conveying an interest in real property including, but not limited to, deeds, easements, and contracts or agreements for deed.[1] Alternatively, the documentary stamp tax for bonds, mortgages, liens, promissory notes, and other written obligations to pay money is generally $0.35 per every $100.00 of consideration.[2] The documentary stamp tax for promissory notes or other written obligations to pay money typically may not exceed $2,450.[3]
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Posted in Asset Protection,Probate & Trust Administration,Real Estate Law,Wills, Trusts & Estate Planning
Many married couples jointly own their home or other Florida real property. It is easy to overlook the legal transfer of such jointly held property when faced with the death of a husband or wife. However, clearing title to real estate following the death of a loved one is an important consideration and should be promptly addressed by the surviving family and a licensed Florida attorney where possible.
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Whether filling out your new hire paperwork or preparing your tax returns, the IRS has guidelines for who may be claimed as a dependent for income tax purposes.
There are typically two types of dependents for federal income tax purposes:
In a previous blog, (click for link), we posted about the importance of asset titling in estate planning and briefly described how beneficiary designation forms may implicate your personal plan. Beneficiary designations are intended to be a straightforward method for heirs to circumvent the probate process and receive funds in a timely manner. Beneficiary designations are found in many of your accounts, including retirement accounts, life insurance policies, bank accounts, stocks, certificates of deposits, bonds, mutual funds, and annuity contracts.
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The FDCPA was developed in part to help prevent abusive practices in debt collection and to allow consumers the opportunity to dispute the validity of a debt. The FDCPA applies when a debt collector attempts to communicate with a consumer debtor. While the initial communications may not violate the Act, generally, the Act prohibits further communication when the debtor notifies the debt collector that he or she is requesting more information on the debt or disputes the debt. The Act will typically apply to communications the collector may have regarding the location of the debtor and communications between third parties or the debtor regarding the debt collection. The debts subject to this Act are generally those incurred by a consumer primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not such obligation has been reduced to judgment. Florida adopted the Consumer Collection Practices Act (“FCCPA”) which acts to supplement the FDCPA. The FCCPA also protects debtors from a debt collector’s abusive collection practices but, unlike the FDCPA, the FCCPA also applies to the original creditor. As always, you should consult with a Florida licensed attorney who may be able to help protect you from improper collection efforts.
See 15 U.S.C. §1692 (a)-(p); see also, §§559.55-559.785, Fla. Stat.
Posted in Asset Protection,Business & Corporate Law
In order to discharge student loan debt in bankruptcy, a debtor must show that repaying the student loan debt will cause undue hardship.
Florida Bankruptcy Courts will typically apply the Brunner test when attempting to determine undue hardship. In order for a debtor to meet the Brunner standard for undue hardship, the debtor must show “(1) that the debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a ‘minimal’ standard of living for herself and her dependents if forced to repay the student loans; (2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the student loans; and (3) that the debtor has made good faith efforts to repay the loans.” In re Cox, 338 F.3d 1238, 1241 (11th Cir. 2003), quoting Brunner v. New York State Higher Education Services Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987).
If you are having financial difficulty due to student loans or other debts, you should consult with a licensed Florida bankruptcy attorney.
When a client wishes to leave an inheritance to a minor (a person under age 18), the most important advice is to never leave the bequest outright. The same notion is true for someone who is disabled as we recently posted about on our Blog at https://www.jacksonlawgroup.com/asset-protection/the-use-of-supplementalspecial-needs-trusts-in-estate-planning/. The problem with leaving an inheritance outright to a minor is that the court will require the establishment of a guardianship for the minor’s benefit, which can be very costly and overly burdensome.
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Many disabled Americans receive governmental benefits such as Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid to assist in their time of need. These individuals rely on this assistance for supplemental income and medical care expenses (including nursing home care). While governmental benefits assist disabled individuals with covering their expenses, the benefits often cannot cover all expenses. In these cases, family or friends sometimes provide financial support and help cover any remaining expenses. These same family and friends also wish to assist after they pass away so they include the disabled individual in a will or name the disabled individual as a beneficiary of a trust. In this respect, family and friends should be aware of the implications that leaving assets or money in the form of a gift or bequest to a disabled person as it relates to current or future needs for governmental benefits. In other words, family and friends should be aware that their generosity in the form of a gift or bequest may also affect the eligibility of a disabled person for governmental benefits.
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